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Intestinal nicroflora


<< Top of article "All quiet on the cucumber front"

E. coli salad
     "Cucumber" war
     What is danger of intestinal infections?
     Two Faces of Escherichia
     Make bet on prevention

The principles of treatment
     of acute intestinal infections
     Dysbiosis and probiotics
     Microflora as a physiological shield



The principles of treatment of acute intestinal infections

Typically, patients go to the doctor just in acute stage of intestinal diseases. That is, when there are diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration begins, stomach ache and a fever. Not surprisingly, the doctor immediately reaches for a pen - to appoint intestinal antiseptics and antibiotics. Meanwhile, the appointment of such drugs should only be conducted on the basis of diagnosis.

Normal intestinal microflora can make you immune to intestinal diseases

Unfortunately, in the treatment of acute intestinal infections many physicians make errors because of poor qualification, dominance of outdated dogmatic notions about the nature of intestinal pathology, advertising of cutting-edge drugs, lack of understanding the essence of oral rehydration therapy and the role of intestinal microflora.

It is imperative that clinicians were aware of the danger of intestinal dysbiosis in aimless, and often uncontrolled use of antibiotics in the treatment of intestinal infections and food poisoning. The modern approach in the treatment of acute intestinal infections focuses on the pathogenetic therapy.

In the treatment of food poisoning, gastric lavage is mandatory. It does not matter how much time has elapsed from the onset, because the pathogens can persist for a long time in the folds of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Properly appointed and realized oral rehydration therapy permits quickly deal with the main symptoms of acute intestinal infections. Oral rehydration therapy is performed in 85-95% of cases, and only 5-15% of cases intravenous disintoxication and rehydration therapy is appointed. Initial rehydration is performed to relieve symptoms of dehydration and intoxication, and maintenance therapy - to relieve ongoing fluid losses.

Sorbents used successfully to treat diarrhea in acute intestinal infections in a long time. Appropriateness of their use has been confirmed by numerous clinical observations. This is carbol (activated carbon) in pills, or activated carbon powder, which efficiency is higher. Sorbents should be taken 2-4 times daily with water.

Pathogenetic therapy of acute intestinal diseases is aimed at relief of diarrheal syndrome. There are plenty of antidiarrheal drugs, and they should be appointed taking into account the pathogenetic features of diarrheal syndrome.

According to modern concepts, the effect of endotoxins is to activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase, located on the surface of enterocytes (cells lining the intestine). Activation of adenylate cyclase increases their permeability to water and electrolytes, which leads to diarrhea. Preparations of calcium combined with vitamin D increase the activity of membrane phosphodiesterase, which leads to suppression of adenylate cyclase and stop diarrhea.

Another group of antidiarrheal drugs has opioid effect - lowers the tone of intestinal smooth muscles and inhibits peristalsis - as well as has overlying and anti-inflammatory properties, increases mucus production and improves its protective properties.

Intestinal antiseptics should always be used only as a means of adjuvant therapy. Unfortunately, to date, antiseptics and antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of acute intestinal diseases, contributing to the development of dysbiosis and complicating repair of the intestinal mucosa. The only exception is the generalized form of salmonellosis, in which antibiotic treatment is necessary.

Modern approach in treatment of acute intestinal infections is aimed at supporting the activities of a number of body systems. In particular these are systems, providing blood pressure and mass of the circulating blood, supporting an optimal state of respiratory activity, the level of osmotic pressure, as well as the excretory systems. This approach avoids the development of serious complications such as toxic shock, hypovolemic shock, and acute renal failure.



Dysbiosis and probiotics

Probiotics are used to restore the intestinal microflora

In acute intestinal infection intestinal dysbiosis, develops, or this condition caused by antibiotics. Therefore, after antibiotic therapy, it is often necessary to treat patients of intestinal dysbiosis.

Here it is needed complex therapy with the use of means for the restoration of the intestinal microflora and neutralizing developing pathogens.

In the treatment of dysbiosis depending on the stage of the disease should be used drugs that normalize bowel motor function (antispasmodic, astringent, enzymes), vitamins, and allergy medications; for the normalization of intestinal flora probiotics are used.

When dysbacteriosis of escherihiosis etiology, in particular those resulting hemolytic strains, it is recommended to use probiotics containing lactobacilli. They are usually used in conjunction with the enzyme complexes containing pancreatin, protease and amylase.

It should be noted that after suffering intestinal diseases the body becomes very vulnerable to other infections, both bacterial and viral. Therefore, treatment of dysbiosis is a necessary part of any treatment of intestinal infections.



Microflora as a physiological shield

From the foregoing, you may have already concluded that the normal intestinal microflora may serve not only as a prerequisite for the successful treatment of intestinal diseases, but also a way to never get sick. Personally, I am deeply convinced that in the normal state of the intestinal immune system all the other hygiene requirements, including, pardon me, hand washing, are unnecessary.

But, of course, I am not authority for you in this matter, but in science there are cases that directly support this view. The most famous story associated with Vibrio cholerae.

October 7, 1892 the well-known hygienist Professor Max Pettenkofer (among other things, in 73 years of age) to prove the correctness of his theory, drank in front of witnesses culture of cholera vibrios. Not only does he not fallen ill with cholera, but by 16 October secretions cholera bacillus were already completely absent in his intestinal excretions!

To avoid damage to the culture of microbes by stomach hydrochloric acid, Pettenkofer gave one gram of baking soda into a half cup of water, poured there one cubic centimeter of fresh "microbe soup" and drank the contents, without taking a breath. As he said, "One cubic centimeter, I obviously took a billion of these fearsome microbes, at least, far more than it is when you touch your mouth with unwashed fingers".

Other researchers also have exposed themselves to the cholera bacillus, repeating the experience of Pettenkofer. In Paris, Ilya Mechnikov and his assistant Latal did it, then Nicholas F. Gamaleya, Daniel K. Zabolotny and Ivan G. Savchenko, who later became known bacteriologist of Kiev.

Metchnikoff, incidentally, was an expert in intestinal bacteria, he discovered the Bulgarian bacillus. He argued that the answer to the question which of two people, in ceteris paribus, become ill with cholera depends on the characteristics of bacteria inhabiting the human intestine, as the bacteria compete with each other, suppressing and destroying each other. The discovery of penicillin was also based on this fact.

In his monograph "The Nature of Man" (1915) Metchnikoff accurately described the role of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the intestinal microflora, and demonstrated the feasibility of therapeutic and prophylactic use of products containing these bacteria.

The natural intestinal microflora supports the health of not only the digestive system, but also the whole body. It starts to form already at birth, during the passage of the newborn through the birth canal. In this case the baby's body gets the bacteria of maternal microflora (especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) that quickly colonized it.

Scientists have shown that microflora of baby who is born by caesarean section differs from microflora of baby born naturally. This is the reason for increased morbidity "caesarian" babies.

Lactobacilli are localized on the walls of the small intestine, protect mucous membranes from exposure to pathogens. They form a complex structure of the biomembrane, which includes molecules of secretory immunoglobulin A. It is this film does not allow pathogenic strains of E. coli, Salmonella and tuberculosis bacillus to attach themselves to the intestinal wall, weakening the effect of their toxins and other metabolites.

Adult life in the modern world is replete with adverse environmental factors and stress; foods are saturated with stabilizers, preservatives, dyes; attributes of modern life are also excessive and often unwarranted use of antibiotics, analgesics, hormones and other drugs.

All these factors lead to a нарушению of normal composition of intestinal microflora, primarily to reduce the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. As a result, it is facilitates the colonization of the small intestine by pathogens that leads to disruption of the processes of digestion and absorption in the intestine and dominance of pathogenic bacteria in the colon. This is dysbiosis, which is manifested not only by abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea, but also reduced ability to fight any external infections.

Therefore, maintaining normal composition of intestinal microflora and its timely correction is one of the main conditions of prevention of intestinal diseases.

To restore the impaired intestinal microflora pre- and probiotics are used. Prebiotics are food components, which are not digested themselves, but selectively stimulate the growth and proliferation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Prebiotics are a plant fiber, various oligosaccharides, inulin, etc., which are especially many found in plant foods - soy, leek, artichoke, chicory, garlic, grains, beans, peas.

Probiotics are called viable spores of component of the intestinal microflora, mostly lacto- and bifidobacteria. Probiotic drugs may contain one-, two- or multi-component mixtures of live colony-forming bacterial biomass.

The most effective and safe means for the correction of the intestinal habitat contain dominant in the normal intestinal microflora organisms of the genus Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium. Almost 100 years, lactobacilli (initially in the form of food products such as acidophilus milk, and in our days also in the form of supplements) are successfully used as an effective and safe means for the prevention and treatment of various digestive problems caused by the violation of the natural intestinal biocenosis.

Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of probiotics based on lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute infectious diseases and food poisoning in infants, children and adults. It is installed that lactobacilli are capable to counteract the appearance of diarrhea associated with antibiotics.

No less effective was the use of probiotics containing lactobacilli, also to prevent "traveler's diarrhea". A double blind placebo-controlled study on the material of 820 people visiting Turkey, showed significant preventive antidiarrheal effect of probiotics on the basis of lactobacillus.

Probiotics are available as capsules containing Lactobacillus spores, which are modern and easy-to-use form. This ensures a greater stability of micro-organisms to high temperature and antibiotics, as well as long term storage.

Lactobacillus spores are activated by low pH of the stomach, and then transformed into the duodenum in the vegetative form and colonize the intestine.

Modern drugs include, along with probiotics, also prebiotics

In contrast to live lactobacilli, which are contained in dairy products, spores linger in the intestine for a longer time, and leave it only after 10-12 days after ingestion. In addition, the bacteria for probiotic products are cultured on the non-dairy base, which excludes cases of allergic reactions with lactose intolerance.

The most modern drugs contain, along with probiotics, also prebiotics necessary for feeding and reproduction of bacteria. This increases the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of drugs.

In your home medicine cabinet must be a capsule of probiotics based on lactic acid bacteria, with the addition of prebiotics or without them. This is particularly important ahead of the summer and holiday season, when risk of various intestinal problems greatly increased, especially when traveling to remote and exotic corners of our planet. Nearly a century of experience shows that a healthy intestinal microflora - it is a reliable physiological shield with which you are not afraid of any intestinal infection.

*     *     *

This article is copyrighted by Alexander Yezovit. It cannot be reprinted without permission from Alexander Yezovit.

Thematic Center "Health Planet"
Added: June, 2011

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